Abstract
The purpose of this article is to give a constructive proposal on how to understand the role of Christian affections in theological reflection and work with systematic theology. Recent decades have seen an increased interest within different academic disciplines, including theology, in the topics of emotions, feelings, and affections, and their significance for human rationality. In a Norwegian theological context, the question of the significance of Christian affections is accentuated by the 250th anniversary of the revivalist and social reformer Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771-1824). Within Pentecostal theology, a consensus has emerged that Christian affections are necessary for right doctrine and right practice to be sustained coherently. However, more work is needed to spell out their relationship in detail. In the first part of the article, I will present a theological understanding of Christian affections, based on the work of Steven Land and Simeon Zahl, exemplified and illuminated by the historical testimonies of Hans Nielsen Hauge and Thomas Ball Barratt. In the second part, I will give my constructive proposal, employing Antonio Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis to explain how Christian affections and their positive significance for theological reflection can be understood, in that the bodily conditioned emotional markings of mental images function more properly, which enables the theologian to make more rational choices in his or her theological work.
References
Alegre, R. Y. (2019). The Pentecostal Apologetics of T.B. Barratt: Defining and Defending the Faith 1906-1909. Regent University School of Divinity.
Alston, W. P. (1993). Perceiving God: The Epistemology of Religious Experience. Cornell University Press.
Andersen, J. D. L. (2015). Hvordan bør Bibelen tolkes? En drøfting av D. A. Carsons, Wolfhart Pannenbergs og Kenneth J. Archers skriftsyn. [Masteravhandling]. Det teologiske menighetsfakultet.
Andersen, J. D. L., Smidsrød, Å.-M., & Tangen, K. I. (2019). Kvinnelige ledere i kirken. Et pentekostalt perspektiv. Scandinavian Journal for Leadership & Theology, 6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53311/sjlt.v6.40
Anderson, G. L. (u.å.). Pentecostal Hermeneutics. Part Two. Assemblies of God. Hentet 16. september 2014, fra https://ag.org/-/media/AGORG/Beliefs/Resources/PentecostalHermeneuticsPt2.pdf
Archer, K. J. (2007). A Pentecostal Way of Doing Theology: Method and Manner. International Journal of Systematic Theology, 9(3), 301–314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2400.2006.00244.x
Barratt, T. B. (1992). Pinseild. REX Forlag.
Barratt, T. B. (2005). Helliggjørelsens nådeverk. I O. Nilsen (Red.), Barratts utvalgte verker (s. 153–200). REX Forlag.
Bibelen. (2011). Bibelselskapet.
Bom, K. (2012). Heart and Reason: Using Pascal to Clarify Smith’s Ambiguity. Pneuma, 34(3), 345–364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700747-12341237
Castelo, D. (2020). Pentecostal theology as spirituality: Explorations in theological method. I W. Vondey (Red.), The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology (s. 29–39). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507076-5
Coulter, D. M. (2016). The Language of Affectivity and the Christian life. I D. M. Coulter & A. Yong (Red.), The Spirit, the Affections, and the Christian Tradition (s. 1–28). University of Notre Dame Press; JSTOR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj7bgb.4
Coulter, D. M., & Yong, A. (2016). The Spirit, the Affections, and the Christian Tradition. University of Notre Dame Press; JSTOR. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpj7bgb
Cox, H. (1994). A Review of Pentecostal Spirituality: A Passion for the Kingdom by Steven J. Land. Journal of Pentecostal Theology, 2(5), 3–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096673699400200501
Damasio, A. R. (2005). Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain (Reprint edition). Penguin Books.
Damasio, A. R. (2008). Neuroscience and the Emergence of Neuroeconomics. I P. W. Glimcher, E. Fehr, C. Camerer, & R. A. Poldrack (Red.), Neuroeconomics: Decision Making and the Brain (1st edition, s. 209–214). Academic Press.
Darwall, S. (2003). Desires, Reasons, and Causes. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 67(2), 436–443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2003.tb00300.x
Dixon, T. (2011). Revolting Passions. Modern Theology, 27(2), 298–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0025.2010.01677.x
Dunn, B. D., Dalgleish, T., & Lawrence, A. D. (2006). The somatic marker hypothesis: A critical evaluation. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30(2), 239–271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.07.001
Edwards, J. (1796). A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections: In Three Parts. Part I. Concerning the nature of the affections, and their importance in religion. Part II. Shewing what are no certain signs that religious affections are gracious, or that they are not. Part III. Shewing what are distinguishing signs of truly gracious and holy affections. Printed for the booksellers. //catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008902957
Haidt, J. (2008). The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment. I L. J. Rips & J. E. Adler (Red.), Reasoning: Studies of Human Inference and Its Foundations (s. 1024–1052). Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511814273.055
Harris, S. E. (2021). The Holy Spirit and Christian Experience, by Simeon Zahl. Pneuma, 43(3–4), 594–597. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/15700747-04303009
Hauge, H. N. (1952). Om Religiøse Følelser og deres Værd (1817). I H. N. H. Ording (Red.), Hans Nielsen Hauges skrifter (Bd. 6, s. 103–217). Andaktsbokselskapet.
Hauge, H. N. (1953). Beskrivelse over det aandelige Livets Løb og Strid. I H. N. H. Ording (Red.), Hans Nielsen Hauges skrifter (Bd. 5, s. 3–14). Andaktsbokselskapet.
Henriksen, J.-O. (2016). Everyday Religion as Orientation and Transformation: A Challenge to Theology. Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, 29(1), 36–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18261/issn.1890-7008-2016-01-03
James, W. (2008). The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study In Human Nature (1. utg.). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139149822
Land, S. J. (1994). Response To Professor Harvey Cox. Journal of Pentecostal Theology, 2(5), 13–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096673699400200502
Land, S. J. (2010). Pentecostal Spirituality: A Passion for the Kingdom. CPT Press.
Luther, M. (2000). Luthers Lille Katekisme. I J. O. Mæland (Red.), Konkordieboken: Den evangelisk-lutherske kirkes bekjennelsesskrifter (s. 277–295). Lunde.
Maddox, R. L. (2001). A Change of Affections: The Development, Dynamics, and Dethronement of John Wesley’s “Heart Religion”. I R. Steele (Red.), “Heart Religion” in the Methodist Tradition and Related Movements (s. 3–31). Scarecrow Press.
McGrath, A. E. (2002). A Scientific Theology: Reality (First American Edition, Bd. 2). William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Molland, E., & Bloch-Hoell, N. E. (2021, november 15). Hans Nielsen Hauge [Snl.no]. Store norske leksikon. https://snl.no/Hans_Nielsen_Hauge
Moreland, J. P. (2014). The Soul: How We Know It’s Real and Why It Matters. Moody Publishers.
Neumann, P. D. (2012). Pentecostal Experience: An Ecumenical Encounter. Pickwick Publications.
Normann-Eide, T. (2020). Følelser—Kjennetegn, funksjon og vrangsider. Cappelen Damm akademisk.
Nussbaum, M. C. (2001). Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511840715
Oftestad, B. T. (2021). Hans Nielsen Hauge og mystikken—Ut fra hans autobiografiske tekster. Norsk Tidsskrift for Misjonsvitenskap, 75(1–2), 29–48.
Pannenberg, W. (1972). The nature of a theological statement. Zygon, 7(1), 6–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.1972.tb00194.x
Pannenberg, W. (1991). An Introduction to Systematic Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5040/9780567691071
Plantinga, A. (1993). Warrant and Proper Function. Oxford University Press; WorldCat.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195078640.001.0001
Plantinga, A. (2000). Warranted Christian Belief. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/0195131932.001.0001
Roberts, R. (2021). Emotions in the Christian Tradition. I E. N. Zalta (Red.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2021 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/emotion-Christian-tradition/
Scarantino, A., & de Sousa, R. (2021). Emotion. I E. N. Zalta (Red.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/emotion/
Shaygani, S. (2020, mars 9). Gud i terapirommet. Psykiatriveka. https://psykiatriveka.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Sharam-Shaygini-1.pdf
Simmons, J. A. (2020). Philosophy: Inspiration for living relationally and thinking rigorously. I W. Vondey (Red.), The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology (s. 399–409). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507076-43
Smith, J. K. A. (2010). Thinking in Tongues: Pentecostal Contributions to Christian Philosophy. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
Stephenson, C. A. (2020). Systematic Pentecostal theology: A typology. I W. Vondey (Red.), The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology (s. 7–17). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507076-3
Stronstad, R. (u.å.). Pentecostal Experience and Hermeneutics. Assemblies of God. Hentet 6. desember 2021, fra https://www.ag.org/-/media/AGORG/Beliefs/Resources/PentecostandHermeneutics.pdf
Stump, E. (2001). Second-Person Accounts and the Problem of Evil. Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia, 57(4), 745–771.
Synan, V. (1997). The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century (2. utg.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Sæther, K.-W., & Tangen, K. I. (2015). Historiske og nåtidige bidrag til pentekostal teologi og spiritualitet. En innledning. I K.-W. Sæther & K. I. Tangen (Red.), Pentekostale perspektiver (s. 9–30). Fagbokforlaget.
Søvik, A. O. (2016). Free will, causality and the self. De Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110474688
Taves, A. 1952-. (2009). Religious Experience Reconsidered: A Building-Block Approach to the Study of Religion and Other Special Things. Princeton University Press; WorldCat.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400830978
Vondey, W. (2018). Religion as Play: Pentecostalism as a Theological Type. Religions, 9(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9030080
Wilkinson, M. (2020). Worship: Embodying the encounter with God. I W. Vondey (Red.), The Routledge Handbook of Pentecostal Theology (s. 117–126). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429507076-14
Zahl, S. (2020). The Holy Spirit and Christian Experience. Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827788.001.0001

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c) 2022 John Daniel L. Andersen