How Church Leadership May Influence Growth by Applying an Organizational Life Cycle Perspective on Church Development
PDF

Keywords

Life cycle theory
growth barriers
church growth
church development

How to Cite

Jenssen, J. I. (2020). How Church Leadership May Influence Growth by Applying an Organizational Life Cycle Perspective on Church Development: A Literature Study. Scandinavian Journal for Leadership and Theology, 7. https://doi.org/10.53311/sjlt.v7.48

Abstract

Birth, growth, and decline processes in organizations have been studied in the leadership literature for many years. An important perspective applied in this research has been the life cycle perspective. In the church growth literature, traces of the same research can be seen in some growth barriers studies. Using research within the church conducted in different kinds of organizations is not trivial. In this article, I apply a narrative synthesis approach to review the literature and discuss factors that influence growth processes, the strictness of the life cycles, challenges in the transitions between phases, and how these challenging transitions can be addressed for growth to continue in local churches. I argue that the life cycle perspective is relevant in a church context. I propose that many of the same challenges that other organizations meet also have to be handled in churches to prevent growth from slowing down or stop. I also suggest several organizational means to increase churches’ chance to pass challenging transitions and maintain further growth.

https://doi.org/10.53311/sjlt.v7.48
PDF

References

Abernathy, W. J. (1976). Production Process, Structure, and Technological Change. Decision Sciences, 7(4), 607-619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5915.1976.tb00705.x

Adizes, I. (1979). Organizational Passages - Diagnosing and Treating Lifecycle Problems of Organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 8(1), 3-25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(79)90001-9

Adizes, I. (1988). Corporate lifecycles: How and why corporations grow and die and what to do about it. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Adizes, I. (1999). Managing corporate lifecycles. Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Baird, L., & Meshoulam, I. (1988). Managing Two Fits of Strategic Human Resource Management. Academy of Management Review, 13(1), 116-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1988.4306802

Beverland, M., & Lockshin, L. S. (2001). Organizational Life Cycles in Small New Zealand Wineries. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(4), 354-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0447-2778.00032

Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review (2 ed.). Los Angeles, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington DC, Melbourne: Sage.

Bretherton, R., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2020). Dunbar's Number goes to Church: The Social

Brain Hypothesis as a third strand in the study of church growth. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 42(1), 63-76.

Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Burns, T., & Stalker, G. M. (1961). The Management of Innovation. London: Tavistock Publications.

Cacioppe, R., & Edwards, M. (2004). Seeking the Holy Grail of organisational development: A synthesis of integral theory, spiral dynamics, corporate transformation and action inquiry. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 26(2), 86-105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437730510582536

Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Churchill, N. C., & Lewis, V. L. (1983). The five stages of small business growth. Harvard Business Review, 61(3), 30-50. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=3868159&site=eho st-live

Cominskey, J., & Peter, W. C. (2002). Home Cell Group Explotion. Houston: Touch Publication.

Dodge, H. R., Fullerton, S., & Robbins, J. E. (1994). Stage of the Organizational Life Cycle and Competition as Mediators of Problem Perception for Small Businesses. Strategic Management Journal, 15(2), 121-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150204

Dodge, H. R., & Robbins, J. E. (1992). An Empirical Investegation of the Organizational Life Cycle for Small Business Development and Survival. Journal of Small Business Management, 30(1), 27-37. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9609056519&site= ehost-live

Downs, A. (1967). The life cycle of bureaus In A. Downs (Ed.), Inside bureaucracy (pp. 296- 309). San Francisco: Little, Brown and Company. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7249/CB156

Dunbar, R. I. M. (1993). Coevolution of neocortex size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00032325

Flamholtz, E. (1995). Managing organizational transitions: Implications for corporate and human resource management. European Management Journal, 13(1), 39-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0263-2373(94)00056-D

Fletcher, M. (2006). Overcoming Barriers to Church Growth: Proven Strategies for Taking Your Church to the Next Level. Bloomington, Minnesota: Bethany House Publisher.

Galbraith, J., & Vesper, K. (1982). The Stages of Growth. Journal of Business Strategy, 3(1), 70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb038958

Garengo, P., & Bernardi, G. (2007). Organizational capability in SMEs: Performance measurement as a key system in supporting company development. International Journal of Productivity & Performance Management, 56(5), 518-532. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=25961908&login.as p&site=ehost-live DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400710757178

Garnsey, E. (1998). A Theory of the Early Growth of the Firm. Industrial & Corporate Change, 7(3), 523-556. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/7.3.523

George, C., & Bird, W. (2017). How to Break Growth Barriers: Capturing Overlooked Opportunities for Church Growth Grand. Rapids: Baker Books.

Ghemawat, P. (2002). Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective. The Business History Review, 76(1), 37-74. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=11222467&login.as p&site=ehost-live. http://harvardbusinessonline.hbsp.harvard.edu/relay.jhtml?name=itemdetail&id=7980 10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4127751

Gibbs, E. (1992). I Believe in Church Growth (3 ed.). London: Hodder and Stoughten. Greiner, L. E. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 50(4), 37-46. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=3866992&site=eho st-live

Greiner, L. E. (1998). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 76(3), 55-68. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=547117&loginpage =login.asp&site=ehost-live

Gudmundsson, S. V. (1998). New-entrant airlines’ life-cycle analysis: growth, decline and collapse. Journal of Air Transport Management, 4(4), 217-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6997(98)00013-1

Gurianova, E. A., Gurianov, I. N., & Mechtcheriakova, S. A. (2014). The Influence of Phase the Organizational Life Cycle on Organizational Structure Management and Transaction Cost. Asian Social Science, 10(20). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n20p137

Hanks, S. H. (1990). The Organization Life Cycle: Integrating Content and Process. Journal of Small Business Strategy(1), 1-12%V 11. Retrieved from https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jsbs/article/view/218

Hanks, S. H., & Chandler, G. (1994). Patterns of Functional Specialization in Emerging High Teck Firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 32(2), 23-36. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9410272579&site= ehost-live

Hanks, S. H., Watson, C. J., Jansen, E., & Chandler, G. N. (1993). Tightening the Life-Cycle Construct: A Taxonomic Study of Growth Stage Configurations in High-Technology Organizations. Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 18(2), 5-30. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=9512194447&site= ehost-live DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879401800201

Hunter III, G. (2005). New Perspectives on Breaking the 200 Barrier. Kansas City: Beacon Hill Press.

Huy, Q. N. (2001). Time, temporal capability and planed change. Academy of Management Review, 26, 601-623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.5393897

Jawahar, I. M., & McLaughlin, G. L. (2001). Toward a Descriptive Stakeholder Theory: An organizational Life Cycle Approach. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 397- 414. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4845803

Jenssen, J. I. (1995). Kirkevekst. Oslo: Rex Forlag.

Jenssen, J. I. (2001). Social networks, resources, and entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5367/000000001101298846

Jenssen, J. I. (2018). Leadership and Church Identity. A Discussion of How Leadership in the Local Church Can Help to Realize the True Nature of the Church. Scandinavian Journal on Leadership and Thology, 5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53311/sjlt.v5.33

Jenssen, J. I. (2019a). Bærekraftig kirkelig. Oslo: Hermon Forlag.

Jenssen, J. I. (2019b). How Can Strategy Research be Applied in the Development of the Local Church? A Discussion of Content and Process. Scandinavian Journal of Leadership and Theology, 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53311/sjlt.v6.42

Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978). The Social Psychology of Organizations: John Wiley & Sons. Kazanjian, R. K. (1988). Relation of Dominant problems to Stage Growth in Thechnology-Based New Ventures. Academy of Management Journal, 31(2), 257-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256548

Kazanjian, R. K., & Drazin, R. (1990). A Stage-Contingent Model of Design and Growth for Technology Based New Ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 5(3), 137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(90)90028-R

Kimberly, J. R. (1979). Issues in the Creation of Organizations: Initiation, Innovation, and Institutionalization. Academy of Management Journal, 22(3), 437-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/255737

Kroeger, C. V. (1974). Managerial Development in the Small Firm. California Management Review, 17(1), 41-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41164543

Lester, D. L., Parnell, J. A., & Carraher, S. (2003). Organizational Life Cycles: A Five-Stage Empirical Scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 339-354. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=12015857&site=eh ost-live DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028979

Levie, J., & Hay, M. (1998). Progress or just proliferation? A historical review of stages models of early corporate growth. London Business School.

Lippitt, G. L., & Schmidt, W. H. (1967). Crises in a developing organization. Harvard Business Review, 45(6), 102-112. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=3866607&site=eho st-live

McCann, J. E. (1991). Patterns of growth, competitive technology, and financial strategies in young ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 6(3), 189-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(91)90009-3

Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. (1984). A Longitudinal Study of Cororate Life Cycle. Management Science, 30(10), 1161-1183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.30.10.1161

Mintzberg, H. (1973). Strategy-Making in Three Modes. California Management Review, 16(2), 44-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/41164491

Mintzberg, H. (1979). The Structuring of Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Mintzberg, H. (1984). Power and Organization Life Cycles. Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 207-224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1984.4277632

Muhos, M. (2015). Review of Business Growth Models: Research Strategies and Empirical Evidence. Paper presented at the Managing Intellectual Capital and Innovation and Sustainable and Inclusing Society. Management, Knowledge and Learning. Bari, Italy.

Nicholls-Nixon, C. L. (2005). Rapid growth and high performance: The entrepreneur's "impossible dream?". Academy of Management Executive, 19(1), 77-89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.15841955

Parks, G. M. (1977a). How to Climb a Growth Curve: Eleven Hurdles for the Entrepreneur-Manager, Part 1. Journal of Small Business Management, 15(1), 25-29. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=5273763&site=eho st-live

Parks, G. M. (1977b). How to Climb a Growth Curve: Eleven Hurdles for the Entrepreneur-Manager, Part 2. Journal of Small Business Management, 15(2), 41-45. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=5274374&site=eho st-live

Phelps, R., Adams, R., & Bessant, J. (2007). Life cycles of growing organizations: A review with implications for knowledge and learning. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 1-30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00200.x

Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., . . . Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the Conduct of Narrative Synthesis in Systematic Reviews: A product from the ESRC Methods Programme. Retrieved from

Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational Life Cycles and Shifting Criterisa of Effectiveness: Some Preliminary Evidence. Management Science, 29(1), 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.29.1.33

Rainer, T. S., & Geiger, E. (2011). Simple Church. Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Publishing Group.

Råmunddal, L. (2009). Konsept og endring. En kvalitativ studie av hvordan lokale ekklesiologier formes gjennom initierte endringsprosesser i to norske menigheter. (PhD). Det Teologiske Menighetsfakultetet, Oslo.

Råmunddal, L. (2011). Konsept og endring. En studie av hvordan lokale ekklesiologier formes. Trondheim: Tapir Akademisk Forlag.

Roozen, D. A. (2015). American Congregations 2015: Thriving and Surviving. Retrieved from Hartford, CT:

Scott, M., & Bruce, R. (1987). Five Stages of Growth in Small Business. Long Range Planning, 20(3), 45-52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(87)90071-9

Searcy, N. (2012). 5 Barriers to Church Growth. Outreach Magazin. Retrieved from https://outreachmagazine.com/features/3501-nelson-searcy-5-barriers-to-church-growth.html

Shim, S., Eastlick, M. A., & Lotz, S. (2000). Examination of US Hispanic-owned, Small Retail and Service Businesses: an Organizational Life Cycle Approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 7(1), 19-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-6989(99)00015-6

Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Gilbert, B. A. (2011). Resource Orchestration to Create Competitive Advantage: Breadth, Depth, and Life Cycle Effects. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1390-1412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385695

Smith, K. G., Mitchell, T. R., & Summer, C. E. (1985). Top Level Management Priorities in Different Stages of the Organizational Life Cycle. Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), 799-820. doi:10.2307/256238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256238

Steinmetz, L. L. (1969). Critical Stages of Small Business Growth. Business Horizons, 12(1), 29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(69)90107-4

Stetzer, E., & Im, D. (2011). Planting Missional Churches (2 ed.). Nashville, Tennessee: B&H Academic.

Stubbart, C. I., & Smalley, R. D. (1999). The Deceptive Allure of Stage Models of Strategic Processes. In P. Olk (Ed.), Strategy Process (pp. 153-166): Elgar Reference Collection. Strategic Management series. Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, Mass.: Elgar. (Reprinted from: [1999]).

Surrat, C. (2019). Leading Small Groups: How to Gather, Launch, Lead, and Multiply Your Small Group. Nashville: B&H Publisher.

Tam, S., & Gray, D. E. (2016a). Organisational Learning and the Organisational Life Cycle: The Differential Aspects of an Integrated Relationship in SMEs. European Journal of Training and Development, 40(1), 2-20. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=EJ1086196&site=e host-live. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2015-0052

Tam, S., & Gray, D. E. (2016b). What Can We Learn from the Organizational Life Cycle Theory? A Conceptualization for the Practice of Workplace Learning Journal of Management Research, 8(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v8i2.9093

Torbert, W. R. (1974). Pre-Bureaucratic and Post-Bureaucratic Stages of Organization Development. Interpersonal Develpment, 5(1), 1-25.

Wagner, C. P. (1984). Leading your Church To Growth. Harrow, Middelsex: March Europe.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2020 Jan Inge Jenssen